Almost two weeks after a freight train carrying hazardous materials was derailed in Ohio, USA, residents are reticent about returning home.
The catastrophe, which occurred on 3 February near the Ohio-Pennsylvania border, sparked a massive fire.
Those living in the vicinity were evacuated and schools in the area were closed as fears of an explosion grew. A controlled burn was carried out to prevent this, releasing a cloud of toxic fumes.
Although residents have now been told they can return home safely, concerns remain over possible drinking water contamination, long term impacts, and reports of dead animals.
How did the Ohio train derailment unfold?
The train, operated by Norfolk Southern Railroad, was travelling from Illinois to Pennsylvania. At around 9pm on 3 February, it is thought to have derailed due to a mechanical problem with a wheel bearing caused by overheating. No one was injured in the incident.
Of the train’s 150 freight cars, 20 were carrying hazardous materials. Around 50 cars were involved in the accident, including 10 of those carrying toxic materials.
If left to explode, these materials would have caused a “deadly dispersion of shrapnel and toxic fumes”, Ohio governor Mike Dewine said in a news briefing on 6 February.
“We had to weigh different risks with no great choices,” he continued before announcing that a controlled burn of the toxic chemicals would be carried out to prevent a more dangerous explosion.
The disaster happened in East Palestine, Ohio, a town of around 4,700 people about 80 km northwest of Pittsburgh.
Nearly 2,000 residents living within a one-by-two mile (1.6 by 3.2 km) radius were told they were in “imminent danger” and were ordered to leave immediately. But one resident told Reuters news agency their home already smelled like chemicals.
The contents of the railcars was drained into trenches where it was burned, with the fire going out on 8 February.
What hazardous materials was the train carrying?
Five of the derailed cars were carrying pressurised vinyl chloride, a highly flammable and carcinogenic gas. It is produced industrially to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Vinyl chloride exposure is associated with an increased risk of a rare form of liver cancer, as well as primary liver cancer, brain and lung cancers, lymphoma, and leukaemia.
The controlled burn also released hydrogen chloride and phosgene. Phosgene is a highly toxic gas that can cause vomiting and breathing problems. It was used as a chemical weapon during World War I.
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylhexyl acrylate and isobutylene were also reportedly found by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the derailed train.
Contact with ethylhexyl acrylate, a carcinogen, can cause burning and irritation of the skin and eyes. Breathing it in can irritate the nose and throat and cause coughing and shortness of breath.
These chemicals have been released into the air, soil and surface waters surrounding the accident — including the Ohio River.
Is it safe for Ohio residents to return home?
On 8 February, air monitoring carried out by the EPA showed it was safe for residents to return home.
As of 14 February, the EPA had conducted air quality tests in almost 400 homes, and did not detect vinyl chloride or hydrogen chloride.
The EPA is also monitoring surface and groundwater locally for contamination.
However, concerns persist over whether the air and water is safe.
Residents have reported persistent odours, coughs and headaches.
Ohio’s health director assured residents on Tuesday that even low levels of contaminants that aren’t considered hazardous can create lingering odours or symptoms such as headaches.
But some say they worry about long term effects of even low-grade exposure to contaminants from the site.
Despite local reports of sick or dead animals, the Ohio Department of Agriculture hasn’t received any official reports about livestock or pet illnesses or deaths directly related to the incident. However, it said autopsies and lab work would be required to make such a determination.
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources estimates the spill affected more than 11.2 km of streams and killed some 3,500 small fish, but officials have said drinking water in the area has remained protected.
Who will pay for the damages?
Rail operator Norfolk Southern has been informed by the EPA that it may be liable for the cleanup costs.
The company is creating a $1 million (€937,000) charitable fund to help the local community while remediation work, including removing spilled contaminants from the ground and streams and monitoring air quality, continues.
However, Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro said on Tuesday that Norfolk Southern had mismanaged the disaster from the outset and that its actions hampered the response from local and state agencies.
He also said the company had been unwilling to look at alternatives to intentionally releasing and burning the five cars filled with vinyl chloride.
“Prioritising an accelerated and arbitrary timeline to reopen the rail line injected unnecessary risk and created confusion,” Shapiro said in a letter to Norfolk Southern CEO Alan Shaw.
Some local residents are filing class action lawsuits against Norfolk Southern.
Renowned lawyer Erin Brokovich has been outspoken about the incident, urging the Biden administration to “step up” its response to the matter and demanding accountability.
Doing better than your predecessor, is not doing enough.
The Biden administration needs to get more involved in this #PalestineOhio train derailment now.
We are counting on you to break the chain of administration after administration to turn a blind eye.
STEP UP NOW.
— Erin Brockovich (@ErinBrockovich) February 13, 2023
How has the incident affected the Ohio River?
Over five million people rely on the Ohio River for drinking water, and claims have spread on social media that this could have been contaminated by the incident.
In response, some water companies have shut off their intakes or increased treatment processes as a precaution.
State and local agencies are conducting sampling throughout the Ohio River. The EPA says contaminant amounts found so far don’t pose a risk for drinking water and the plume is continuing to be diluted as it moves further along.
However, at a press conference, Ohio health officials advised residents using private wells near the derailment to use bottled water.
